[Subjective method for tracheal tube cuff inflation: performance of anesthesiology residents and staff anesthesiologists. Prospective observational study]. / Insuflação de balonete de tubo traqueal por método subjetivo: desempenho de médicos residentes e especialistas em anestesiologia. Estudo prospectivo observacional.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Poor monitoring of tracheal tube cuff pressure may result in patient complications. The objective method of using a manometer is recommended to keep safe cuff pressure values (20-30 cm H2O). However, as manometers are not readily available, anesthesiologists use subjective methods. We aimed to assess appropriateness of a subjective method for attaining cuff pressure and the expertise level of manometer handling among anesthesiology staff and residents in a university teaching hospital. METHODS: Prospective observational study, recruiting participants that performed tracheal intubation and the subjective method for tube cuff inflation. Patients with difficult airway, larynx and trachea anatomic abnormality and emergency procedures were not included. Up to 60 minutes after tracheal intubation, an investigator registered the cuff pressure using an aneroid manometer (AMBU®) connected to the tube pilot balloon. RESULTS: Forty-seven anesthesiologists were included in the study - 24 residents and 23 staff. Mean (SD) and medians (IQR) measured in cm H2O were, respectively, 52.5 (27.1) and 50 (30-70). We registered 83% of measurements outside the recommended pressure range, with no difference between specialists and residents. The level of expertise with the objective method was also similar in both groups. Pressure adjustments were performed in 76.6% of cases. CONCLUSION: The subjective method for inflating the tracheal tube cuff resulted in a high rate of inadequate cuff pressures, with no difference in performance between anesthesiology specialists and residents.

Sugammadex by ideal body weight versus 20% and 40% corrected weight in bariatric surgery - double-blind randomized clinical trial / Uso de sugamadex pelo peso corporal ideal versus corrigido em 20% e 40% em cirurgia bariátrica - ensaio clínico randômico e duplo-cego

Abstract Background and objectives: The weight parameters for use of sugammadex in morbidly obese patients still need to be defined. Methods: A prospective clinical trial was conducted with sixty participants with body mass index ≥ 40 kg.m-2 during bariatric surgery, randomized into three groups: ideal weight (IW), 20% corrected body weight (CW20) and 40% corrected body weight (CW40). All patients received total intravenous anesthesia. Rocuronium was administered at dose of 0.6 mg.kg-1 of Ideal weight for tracheal intubation, followed by infusion of 0.3-0.6 mg.kg-1.h-1. Train of four (TOF) was used to monitor depth of blockade. After spontaneous recovery TOF-count 2 at the end of surgery, 2 mg.kg-1 of sugammadex was administered. Primary outcome was neuromuscular blockade reversal time to TOF ≥ 0.9. Secondary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative residual curarization in post-anesthesia recovery room, searching the patient's ability to pass from the surgical bed to the transport, adequacy of oxygenation, respiratory pattern, ability to swallow saliva and clarity of vision. Results: Groups were homogenous in gender, age, total body weight, ideal body weight, body mass index, type and time of surgery. The reversal times (s) were (mean ± standard deviation) 225.2 ± 81.2, 173.9 ± 86.8 and 174.1 ± 74.9 respectively, in the IW, CW20 and CW40 groups (p = 0.087). Conclusions: No differences were observed between groups with neuromuscular blockade reversal time and frequency of postoperative residual curarization. We concluded that ideal body weight can be used to calculate sugammadex dose to reverse moderate neuromuscular blockade in morbidly obese patients.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Os parâmetros de peso para o uso de sugamadex em pacientes com obesidade mórbida ainda precisam ser definidos. Métodos: Um ensaio clínico prospectivo foi feito com 60 participantes com índice de massa corporal ≥ 40 kg.m-2, submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica, randomizados em três grupos: peso ideal (PI), peso corrigido em 20% (PC20) e peso corrigido em 40% (PC40). Todos os pacientes receberam anestesia intravenosa total. Rocurônio foi administrado em dose de 0,6 mg.kg-1 para intubação traqueal pelo peso ideal, seguido de infusão (0,3 a 0,6 mg.kg-1.h-1). A sequência de quatro estímulos (TOF) foi usada para monitorar a profundidade do bloqueio. Após recuperação espontânea da segunda resposta do TOF no fim da cirurgia, 2 mg.kg-1 de sugamadex foi administrado. O desfecho primário foi o tempo de reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular até obter TOF ≥ 0,9. O desfecho secundário foi a ocorrência de curarização residual pós-operatória na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, avaliaram-se a capacidade do paciente de passar do leito cirúrgico para o de transporte, a adequação da oxigenação, o padrão respiratório, a habilidade para deglutir saliva e a clareza de visão. Resultados: Os grupos foram homogêneos quanto a gênero, idade, peso corporal total, peso corporal ideal, índice de massa corporal, tipo e tempo de cirurgia. Os tempos de reversão (segundos) foram (média ± desvio-padrão) 225,2 ± 81,2, 173,9 ± 86,8 e 174,1 ± 74,9, respectivamente, nos grupos PI, PC20 e PC40 (p = 0,087). Conclusões: Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos quanto ao tempo de reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular e frequência de curarização residual pós-operatória. Concluímos que o peso corporal ideal pode ser usado para calcular a dose de sugamadex para reverter o bloqueio neuromuscular moderado em pacientes com obesidade mórbida.

[Sugammadex by ideal body weight versus 20% and 40% corrected weight in bariatric surgery - double-blind randomized clinical trial]. / Uso de sugamadex pelo peso corporal ideal versus corrigido em 20% e 40% em cirurgia bariátrica ­ ensaio clínico randômico e duplo­cego.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The weight parameters for use of sugammadex in morbidly obese patients still need to be defined. METHODS: A prospective clinical trial was conducted with sixty participants with body mass index≥40kg.m-2 during bariatric surgery, randomized into three groups: ideal weight (IW), 20% corrected body weight (CW20) and 40% corrected body weight (CW40). All patients received total intravenous anesthesia. Rocuronium was administered at dose of 0.6mg.kg-1 of Ideal weight for tracheal intubation, followed by infusion of 0.3-0.6mg.kg-1.h-1. Train of four (TOF) was used to monitor depth of blockade. After spontaneous recovery TOF-count 2 at the end of surgery, 2mg.kg-1 of sugammadex was administered. Primary outcome was neuromuscular blockade reversal time to TOF≥0.9. Secondary outcome was the occurrence of postoperative residual curarization in post-anesthesia recovery room, searching the patient's ability to pass from the surgical bed to the transport, adequacy of oxygenation, respiratory pattern, ability to swallow saliva and clarity of vision. RESULTS: Groups were homogenous in gender, age, total body weight, ideal body weight, body mass index, type and time of surgery. The reversal times (s) were (mean±standard deviation) 225.2±81.2, 173.9±86.8 and 174.1±74.9 respectively, in the IW, CW20 and CW40 groups (p=0.087). CONCLUSIONS: No differences were observed between groups with neuromuscular blockade reversal time and frequency of postoperative residual curarization. We concluded that ideal body weight can be used to calculate sugammadex dose to reverse moderate neuromuscular blockade in morbidly obese patients.

Proteção renal com eritropoetina em modelo de isquemia renal no rato / Kidney protection with erythropoietin in rat ischemia model

A isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) é a principal causa de lesão renal aguda após transplante renal. Hiperglicemia está associada a diminuição da tolerância à isquemia e aumento da gravidade da lesão renal da I/R. Eritropoetina administrada antes da isquemia/reperfusão renal (pré-condicionamento da eritropoetina) exerce efeito renoprotetor em animais normoglicêmicos, mas, este efeito, ainda não foi estudado em animais com hiperglicemia transitória. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o efeito da eritropoetina na lesão de isquemia/reperfusão renal em ratos com hiperglicemia transitória. Vinte e oito ratos Wistar machos (>300g) foram anestesiados com isoflurano a 3%, intubados e submetidos à ventilação mecânica com isoflurano a 1,5%. Artéria carótida e veia jugular foram cateterizadas. Dióxido de carbono em final de expiração, concentração inspirada e expirada de gás anestésico, pressão arterial invasiva e temperatura retal foram continuamente monitorizados (Datex, AS3). A temperatura retal foi mantida entre 36oC-38oC. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos e todos receberam glicose 2,5 g.kg-1 por via intraperitoneal, sendo submetidos a laparotomia mediana e nefrectomia direita (Grupo S – sham - n=6). Os demais animais foram submetidos a 25 minutos de isquemia renal esquerda por clampeamento da artéria renal esquerda (Grupos ISO, EA e EM). 30 minutos antes da isquemia renal esquerda o Grupo ISO (n=6) recebeu soro fisiológico, o Grupo EA (n=8) eritropoetina 5000 UI.kg- 1 e o Grupo EM (n=8) eritropoetina 600 UI.kg-1por via intravenosa. A pressão arterial média (PAM) e a temperatura foram avaliadas a cada 10 minutos. Os valores plasmáticos da glicose e da creatinina foram determinados no inicio (M1) e no final do experimento (M2)...

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury is the leading cause of acute renal injury following renal transplantation. Hyperglycemia is associated with decreased tolerance to ischemia and increases the severity of renal I/R injury. Erythropoietin administered before renal ischemia/reperfusion (erythropoietin preconditioning) may exert some renoprotective effect in normoglycemic animals. However, such effect has not been studied in transiently hyperglycemic animals. This study aimed to examine the effect of erythropoietin preconditioning on renal ischemia /reperfusion injury in transiently hyperglycemic rats. Twenty- eight male Wistar rats weighting more than 300g were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane. After tracheal intubation, the animals were mechanically ventilated with air and 1.5 % isoflurane. Carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. End-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, inspired and expired anesthetic gas concentrations, direct arterial pressure and rectal temperature were continuously measured. Glucose 2,5 g.kg-1 was administered intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemia. Rectal temperature was kept between 360C-380C. Animals were submitted a midline laparotomy and right nephrectomy. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups: S, sham, (n=6) underwent only right nephrectomy, no left kidney ischemia/reperfusion. Group ISO (n=6), underwent a 25-minute period of left renal artery clamping, not preceded by erythropoietin preconditioning dose, Group EH (n = 8), received high-dose erythropoietin (5000 UI.kg-1 i.v.), 30 minutes before a 25 minutes period of left renal artery clamping; Group EL (n = 8) received low-dose erythropoietin (600 UI.kg-1, i.v.) 30 minutes before a 25-minute period of left renal artery clamping. Creatinine and glucose serum levels were determined at the start (M1), at the end (M2), and 24 hours after the experiment (M3)...

Estudo comparativo entre bupivacaína racêmica (S50-R50) a 0,125 por cento e bupivacaína em excesso enantiomérico de 50 por cento (S75-R25) a 0,125 por cento e 0,25 por cento em anestesia peridural para analgesia de parto / A comparative study of 0.125 percent racemic bupivacaine (S50-R50) and 0.125 percent and 0.25 percent 50 percent enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) in epidural anesthesia for labor analgesia

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A peridural contínua é utilizada para alívio da dor do trabalho de parto e associada a baixos índices de complicações. Estudos com enantiômeros levógiros dos anestésicos locais demonstraram maior segurança em função de menor cardiotoxicidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a analgesia e o bloqueio motor entre a bupivacaína (S50-R50) a 0,125 por cento e a bupivacaína em excesso enantiomérico de 50 por cento (S75-R25) a 0,125 por cento e 0,25 por cento em peridural contínua para analgesia de parto. MÉTODO: Realizou-se ensaio clínico duplamente encoberto, com distribuição aleatória de 75 participantes em trabalho de parto, distribuídas em três grupos: GI - bupivacaína (S50-R50) a 0,125 por cento; GII - bupivacaína (S75-R25) a 0,125 por cento; e GIII - bupivacaína (S75-R25) a 0,25 por cento. A inclusão no estudo foi feita após assinatura do Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas quanto à latência da analgesia, nível sensorial do bloqueio, volume de anestésico local, duração do trabalho de parto e da analgesia, freqüência de parto instrumental, escores de Apgar ou pH do cordão umbilical. O intervalo para a primeira dose resgate foi maior e os escores de dor em 45 min foram menores no grupo bupivacaína (S75-R25) a 0,25 por cento. A intensidade do bloqueio motor foi maior no grupo bupivacaína (S50-R50) a 0,125 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína (S75-R25) determinou um bloqueio motor menos intenso, mesmo quando utilizada em maior concentração (0,25 por cento), resultando em melhor qualidade de analgesia, sem interferir na evolução do trabalho de parto ou na vitalidade dos recém-nascidos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous epidural block is used for relief of labor pain and it is associated with a low incidence of complications. Studies with the levorotatory isomer of local anesthetics demonstrated that they are safer regarding the cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to compare analgesia and motor blockade of 0.125 percent bupivacaine (S50-R50) and 0.125 percent and 0.25 percent 50 percent enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) in continuous epidural block for labor analgesia. METHODS: Seventy-five patients in labor participated in this randomized, double-blind study after signing an informed consent. Patients were divided in three groups: GI - 0.125 percent bupivacaine (S50-R50); GII - 0.125 percent bupivacaine (S75-R25) and GIII - 0.25 percent bupivacaine (S75-R25). RESULTS: The latency of analgesia, levels of sensorial blockade, volume of local anesthetic, duration of labor and analgesia, frequency of instrumental delivery, Apgar scores, or pH of umbilical cord blood showed no statistically significant differences. The length of time until the first rescue dose was greater and pain scores at 45 minutes were also greater in the 0.25 percent bupivacaine (S75-R25) group. The intensity of the motor blockade was greater in the 0.125 percent bupivacaine (S50-R50) group. CONCLUSIONS: The motor blockade was less intense with bupivacaine (S75-R25) regardless the concentration, resulting in analgesia of better quality without interfering with the evolution of labor or the vitality of newborns.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La peridural continua se utiliza para el alivio del dolor del trabajo de parto y asociada a bajos índices de complicaciones. Estudios con enantiómeros levógiros de los anestésicos locales demostraron una mayor seguridad en función de una menor cardiotoxicidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la analgesia y el bloqueo motor entre la Bupivacaina (S50-R50) a 0,125 por ciento y la Bupivacaina en exceso enantiomérico de 50 por ciento (S75-R25) a 0,125 por ciento e 0,25 por ciento en peridural continua para analgesia de parto. MÉTODO: Se realizó un ensayo clínico doblemente encubierto, con distribución aleatoria de 75 participantes en trabajo de parto, distribuidas en tres grupos: GI - Bupivacaina (S50-R50) a 0,125 por ciento, GII - Bupivacaina (S75-R25) a 0,125 por ciento y GIII - Bupivacaina (S75-R25) a 0,25 por ciento. La inclusión en el estudio fue hecha después de la firma del Consentimiento Libre y Aclarado. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en cuanto a la latencia de la analgesia, nivel sensorial del bloqueo, volumen de anestésico local, duración del trabajo de parto y de la analgesia, frecuencia de parto instrumental, puntuaciones de Apgar o pH del cordón umbilical. El intervalo para la primera dosis rescate fue mayor y los puntajes de dolor en 45 minutos fueron menores en el grupo Bupivacaina (S75-R25) a 0,25 por ciento. La intensidad del bloqueo motor fue mayor en el grupo Bupivacaina (S50-R50) a 0,125 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La Bupivacaina (S75-R25) determinó un bloqueo motor menos intenso, incluso cuando se utilizó en mayor concentración (0,25 por ciento), resultando en una mejor calidad de analgesia, sin interferir en la evolución del trabajo de parto o en la vitalidad de los recién nacidos.

A comparative study of 0.125% racemic bupivacaine (S50-R50) and 0.125% and 0.25% 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) in epidural anesthesia for labor analgesia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Continuous epidural block is used for relief of labor pain and it is associated with a low incidence of complications. Studies with the levorotatory isomer of local anesthetics demonstrated that they are safer regarding the cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to compare analgesia and motor blockade of 0.125% bupivacaine (S50-R50) and 0.125% and 0.25% 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) in continuous epidural block for labor analgesia. METHODS: Seventy-five patients in labor participated in this randomized, double-blind study after signing an informed consent. Patients were divided in three groups: GI - 0.125% bupivacaine (S50-R50); GII - 0.125% bupivacaine (S75-R25) and GIII - 0.25% bupivacaine (S75-R25). RESULTS: The latency of analgesia, levels of sensorial blockade, volume of local anesthetic, duration of labor and analgesia, frequency of instrumental delivery, Apgar scores, or pH of umbilical cord blood showed no statistically significant differences. The length of time until the first rescue dose was greater and pain scores at 45 minutes were also greater in the 0.25% bupivacaine (S75-R25) group. The intensity of the motor blockade was greater in the 0.125% bupivacaine (S50-R50) group. CONCLUSIONS: The motor blockade was less intense with bupivacaine (S75-R25) regardless the concentration, resulting in analgesia of better quality without interfering with the evolution of labor or the vitality of newborns.

Comparação entre três técnicas regionais de analgesia pós-operatória em crianças com ropivacaína / Comparison among three techniques of postoperative regional analgesia with ropivacaine in children

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor pós-operatória acarreta um aumento nos gastos e gera insatisfação dos pais com relação à prescrição analgésica para os seus filhos. A ropivacaína apresenta larga margem de segurança em anestesia regional em pediatria. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a anestesia peridural sacra (PS) com o bloqueio dos nervos ileoinguinal/ileohipogástrico (BIHII) e com a infiltração da ferida operatória (IFO) utilizando a ropivacaína para a analgesia pós-operatória em crianças. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 87 crianças do sexo masculino, com idade entre 1 e 5 anos, submetidas a herniorrafias inguinais eletivas unilaterais. As crianças receberam de forma aleatória a PS, o BIHII ou a IFO. Pesquisou-se a necessidade de analgésico no pós-operatório, o tempo necessário para a sua 1ª dose, a intensidade da dor e o grau de bloqueio motor. RESULTADOS: No Grupo da IFO observou-se maior necessidade de analgésicos, e maior intensidade de dor nas primeiras duas horas, quando comparada com a PS e com o BIHII. Apenas crianças submetidas a PS apresentaram bloqueio motor de grau leve. O tempo médio da necessidade da 1ª dose de analgésico foi semelhante entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: O BIHII apresentou superioridade sobre a IFO, sobretudo nas primeiras duas horas de pós-operatório. As três técnicas anestésicas podem ser utilizadas com segurança e eficácia no controle da dor pós-operatória de herniorrafia inguinal em crianças.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain increases cost and generates dissatisfaction among parents regarding to the analgesics prescribed to their children. Ropivacaine has a broad safety margin to be used for regional block in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to compare caudal epidural block (CE) with ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (IINB) and infiltration of surgical wound (ISW) with ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in children. METHODS: Eighty-seven children, all males, ages 1 to 5, who underwent elective unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy participated in this study. Children were randomly assigned to receive CE, IINB, or ISW. The need for postoperative analgesia, length of time until the first dose, severity of pain, and degree of the motor blockade were evaluated. RESULTS: The need for analgesia and pain severity in the first two hours were greater for the ISW Group when compared with the CE and IINB Groups. Only the children in the CE Group presented a mild motor blockade. The mean length of time until de 1st dose of analgesic was similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block was superior to ISW, especially in the first two hours after the surgery. The three anesthetic techniques can be safely and effectively used to control postoperative pain in inguinal herniorrhaphy in children.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El dolor postoperatorio acarrea un aumento en los gastos y genera una insatisfacción de los padres en relación a la prescripción analgésica para sus hijos. La ropivacaína presenta un amplio margen de seguridad en anestesia regional en pediatría. El objetivo de este estudio fue el de comparar la anestesia peridural sacra (PS) con el bloqueo de los nervios ileoinguinal/ileohipogástrico (BIHII) y con la infiltración de la herida operatoria (IFO) utilizando la ropivacaína para la analgesia postoperatoria en niños. MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 87 niños del sexo masculino, con edad entre 1 y 5 años, sometidos a herniorrafias inguinales electivas unilaterales. Los niños recibieron aleatoriamente la PS, el BIHII o la IFO. Se investigó la necesidad de analgésico en el postoperatorio, el tiempo necesario para su primera dosis, la intensidad de dolor y el grado de bloqueo motor. RESULTADOS: En el grupo de la IFO se observó una mayor necesidad de analgésicos, y una mayor intensidad de dolor en las 1ª y 2ª horas, cuando se comparó con la PS y el BIHII. Apenas niños sometidos a PS presentaron bloqueo motor de grado moderado. El tiempo promedio de la necesidad de la primera dosis de analgésico fue similar entre los grupos. CONCLUSIONES: El BIHII presentó una superioridad sobre la IFO, especialmente en las primeras dos horas del postoperatorio. As tres técnicas anestésicas pueden ser utilizadas con seguridad y eficacia en el control de dolor postoperatorio de herniorrafia inguinal en niños.

[Comparison among three techniques of postoperative regional analgesia with ropivacaine in children.]. / Comparação entre três técnicas regionais de analgesia pós-operatória em crianças com ropivacaína.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain increases cost and generates dissatisfaction among parents regarding to the analgesics prescribed to their children. Ropivacaine has a broad safety margin to be used for regional block in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to compare caudal epidural block (CE) with ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block (IINB) and infiltration of surgical wound (ISW) with ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia in children. METHODS: Eighty-seven children, all males, ages 1 to 5, who underwent elective unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy participated in this study. Children were randomly assigned to receive CE, IINB, or ISW. The need for postoperative analgesia, length of time until the first dose, severity of pain, and degree of the motor blockade were evaluated. RESULTS: The need for analgesia and pain severity in the first two hours were greater for the ISW Group when compared with the CE and IINB Groups. Only the children in the CE Group presented a mild motor blockade. The mean length of time until de 1st dose of analgesic was similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block was superior to ISW, especially in the first two hours after the surgery. The three anesthetic techniques can be safely and effectively used to control postoperative pain in inguinal herniorrhaphy in children.